How many layers are in the Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model?

The Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model consists of seven distinct layers, which serve as a framework for understanding and implementing network protocols. Each layer has its own specific responsibilities and functions, enabling communication and data exchange across diverse network systems.

The seven layers, from the bottom to the top, include:

1. Physical Layer: Responsible for transmitting raw bitstream over physical medium. It deals with hardware elements such as cables, switches, and electrical signals.

2. Data Link Layer: Manages node-to-node data transfer and error detection/correction from the physical layer. It ensures reliable communication between directly connected devices.

3. Network Layer: Handles routing and forwarding of data packets across the network. It determines the best path for data to travel from source to destination.

4. Transport Layer: Provides reliable data transfer services to the upper layers through segmentation, flow control, and error recovery. It ensures complete data transfer.

5. Session Layer: Manages sessions or connections between applications, establishing, maintaining, and terminating communication as needed.

6. Presentation Layer: Translates data between the application layer and the network, often providing data encryption and formatting to make communication understandable between different