What is a common consequence of a successful XSS attack?

A successful cross-site scripting (XSS) attack allows an attacker to inject malicious scripts into web pages that are viewed by other users. One of the primary consequences of such an attack is data manipulation within the browser sessions of affected users. This can include unauthorized actions like altering the appearance of the website, stealing cookies, or inputting harmful scripts that can capture sensitive information, such as usernames and passwords.

When a user unwittingly executes the malicious script, the attack can manipulate the data in the user's browser, leading to various malicious outcomes. This manipulation often goes undetected, making it particularly dangerous, as users may not be aware that their session and interaction with the website have been compromised. For example, an attacker could redirect a user to a fraudulent website, steal their session token, or log keystrokes to obtain confidential information.

The other choices do not align with the typical effects seen in XSS attacks; hence, they do not accurately describe the consequences of such vulnerabilities.